You talk about the NJSP in the 1990's. I actually watched the trial of 5 NJSP officers who went on trial in New Brunswick. One of the attorneys I worked for at the time was defending one of the officers. I was shocked that 3 were not convicted. That was during a time when it was impossible to convict a cop. Even a guilty cop. But the NJSP was racial profiling people on the NJ Turnpike. T
As far as restriction go? What restrictions are you talking about? The 4th Amendment for automobile searches from the 1990's until the 2000's was essentially the same. You needed PC to search a car with certain exceptions, i.e plain view, search incident to arrest. Certain things changed a little like an officer needed to have articulable suspicion in order to ask the motorist to consent to a search. There was a time when Pena-Flores was law and Police need to get a search warrant to search a car but that got reversed. The latest clarification on the law was done a few weeks ago that in order to search a car, police need to get a search warrant unless the circumstances surrounding theca were unforeseeable and spontaneous. But these are clarifications of the law more than restrictions on police. The latest case I have more of a problem with than the prior clarifications.
However, if you are blaming these clarifications on 4th Amendment restricting police, it is kind of amazing that since the 1990's, violent crime was on the decline.
https://www.macrotrends.net/states/new-jersey/crime-rate-statistics.
https://www.disastercenter.com/crime/njcrimn.htm
Once a suspect was arrested an officer used to be able to take an inventory of the vehicle's contents to make sure nothing was stolen at the tow yard. That is no longer the case. An officer can search the actor and area within his/her reach as long as the actor is still within reach of the vehicle. Officers used to immediately bring the actor into the police car after searching the actor's person. They could then return to the actor's vehicle and search the area within for contraband. This was safe for the actor and officer. The officers had to adapt to this law and keep the actor at the rear of the vehicle to conduct the search without obtaining a warrant which could take hours. This put the officer and the suspect both at higher risk.
In the early 90's Troopers and then all officers had to document each and every traffic stop. Noting the race, nationality and sex of the driver. One of the worst labels an Officer/Trooper can get is racist. This forced Officers/Troopers to make sure they stopped a bunch of White people for every person of color to avoid being investigated. It also cut car stops by more than 50% in NJ. Perhaps that is part of the reduction of crime. Less car stops = less arrests.
You mentioned things that changed "a little" like needing reasonable articulable suspicion to get a consent search of a vehicle. That is a dramatic change and not "a little" change as you put it. Officer's experience leads them to know or have a 6th sense of when/who to ask for consent to search a vehicle. You may not always be able to articulate it but the gut feeling is just there. The driver can always say No to the consent which was explained to the driver. I'm not sure if it changed but an officer used to be able to order any driver out of the vehicle on a motor vehicle stop. When consent searches went out the window officers adapted to the law. They would then just order the driver out of the vehicle. Once the door was opened, the officer had a better chance of seeing something in plain view. On a busy highway, this puts the officer and suspect at risk.
Now with officers needing to get warrants to search cars even with something in plain view. Do you know how long it takes to get a search warrant? Usually about 6 hours.
The old way: Officer pulls over a car. Establishes probable cause, makes arrest, searches car incidental to arrest, brings suspect to police station, processes the prisoner, places the prisoner in holding cell, does paperwork. This usually took about 2 hours for a routine arrest and only required 2 officers.
New way: Officer pulls over a car. Establishes probable cause, makes arrest. Observes illegal item in plain view, calls for another officer to sit by suspect vehicle while the arresting officer brings suspect to police station, processes the prisoner, Lets the prisoner go free based on the bail reform laws, does paperwork, applies for a search warrant, has the search warrant approved, goes back to the scene, searches the vehicle, does more paperwork based on the search. This process takes approximately 6 hours utilizing at least 4 officers.
Case # 1 - Proper arrest, 2 officers utilized for about 2 hours, suspect still in jail where he can't commit any more crimes.
Case #2 - Proper arrest, minimum of 4 officers utilized for about 6 hours, suspect let go to commit more crimes.